Wireless architectures in networking refer to the different deployment models and configurations used to implement wireless network infrastructure. Understanding these architectures is essential for CCNA candidates as they form the foundation of modern enterprise wireless solutions.
The three prim…Wireless architectures in networking refer to the different deployment models and configurations used to implement wireless network infrastructure. Understanding these architectures is essential for CCNA candidates as they form the foundation of modern enterprise wireless solutions.
The three primary wireless architectures are Autonomous, Cloud-based, and Controller-based (Centralized).
Autonomous Architecture uses standalone access points that operate independently. Each AP handles all wireless functions including authentication, encryption, and management. While simple for small deployments, this model becomes difficult to manage as the network grows since each AP requires individual configuration.
Cloud-based Architecture leverages cloud management platforms where access points connect to a cloud controller over the internet. Cisco Meraki exemplifies this approach. APs are lightweight and receive their configurations from the cloud dashboard. This architecture offers simplified management, automatic updates, and centralized visibility across multiple locations.
Controller-based Architecture employs a Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) that manages multiple lightweight access points (LAPs). The LAPs use the CAPWAP (Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points) protocol to communicate with the WLC. This split-MAC architecture divides wireless functions between the AP and controller. Real-time functions like beacon transmission remain at the AP, while management functions like security policies reside on the controller.
FlexConnect is a hybrid mode within controller-based architecture allowing APs to switch traffic locally at remote sites while maintaining central management. This reduces WAN bandwidth requirements.
Embedded Wireless Controllers integrate controller functionality into switches, such as Cisco Catalyst 9000 series, providing a cost-effective solution for smaller deployments.
Mobility Express allows a designated access point to function as a controller for other APs in the network.
Each architecture has specific use cases based on organizational size, geographic distribution, management requirements, and budget constraints. Modern enterprises often implement hybrid solutions combining multiple architectures to meet diverse networking needs.
Wireless Architectures Overview - CCNA Study Guide
Why Wireless Architectures Are Important
Understanding wireless architectures is essential for modern network engineers because wireless connectivity has become ubiquitous in enterprise environments. The CCNA exam tests your knowledge of how wireless networks are designed, deployed, and managed. This knowledge is critical for troubleshooting, planning network expansions, and ensuring optimal wireless performance.
What Are Wireless Architectures?
Wireless architectures refer to the different deployment models used to implement and manage wireless networks. There are three primary architectures:
1. Autonomous Architecture (Standalone) - Each Access Point (AP) operates as an independent device - Configuration must be done individually on each AP - Best suited for small deployments with few APs - Each AP handles all wireless functions: authentication, encryption, QoS, and roaming
2. Lightweight Architecture (Split-MAC/Centralized) - APs are managed by a centralized Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) - Uses CAPWAP (Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points) protocol - Real-time functions remain at the AP (beacons, probe responses, encryption) - Management functions handled by the WLC (authentication, security policies, RF management) - Ideal for medium to large enterprise deployments
3. Cloud-Based Architecture - Management plane resides in the cloud - APs connect to cloud management platform via the internet - Cisco Meraki is a prime example - Simplifies deployment and management across multiple sites - Data plane typically remains local
How Wireless Architectures Work
CAPWAP Protocol - Operates on UDP ports 5246 (control) and 5247 (data) - Creates tunnels between APs and WLC - Control traffic is always encrypted - Data traffic encryption is optional
FlexConnect Mode - Allows lightweight APs to switch client traffic locally - Useful for branch offices with local resources - Can continue operating if WLC connection is lost
Deployment Modes for APs
- Local Mode: Default mode, all traffic tunneled to WLC - FlexConnect Mode: Local switching capability for branch offices - Monitor Mode: Dedicated to security monitoring and rogue detection - Sniffer Mode: Captures wireless traffic for analysis - Bridge Mode: Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint bridging
Exam Tips: Answering Questions on Wireless Architectures
Key Points to Remember:
1. Know the port numbers: CAPWAP uses UDP 5246 for control and UDP 5247 for data
2. Understand Split-MAC: Be clear on which functions stay at the AP versus which move to the WLC
3. FlexConnect scenarios: When questions mention branch offices or WAN links, think FlexConnect
4. Autonomous vs Lightweight: Autonomous APs are self-contained; lightweight APs require a WLC
5. Cloud-based benefits: Focus on simplified management, scalability, and multi-site deployments
Common Question Types:
- Scenario questions asking which architecture fits a specific deployment - Questions about CAPWAP protocol characteristics - Identifying which functions belong to APs versus WLCs - Choosing appropriate AP modes for given situations
Watch Out For:
- Trap answers that confuse autonomous and lightweight AP capabilities - Questions mixing up control plane and data plane functions - Scenarios requiring you to identify the best architecture based on scale and management requirements