EIGRP vs OSPF Routing Concepts - CCNP ENCOR Infrastructure Guide

EIGRP vs OSPF Routing Concepts - Complete Guide

Why This Topic Is Important

Understanding the differences between EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is critical for CCNP ENCOR candidates because:

• Routing Protocol Selection: Network engineers must choose between these two dominant interior gateway protocols based on organizational requirements
• Network Design: Decisions affect scalability, convergence speed, bandwidth utilization, and CPU requirements
• Exam Weight: This topic frequently appears in CCNP ENCOR exams with scenario-based questions
• Real-World Implementation: Both protocols are widely deployed in enterprise networks; understanding their nuances is essential for professional practice
• Troubleshooting: Network professionals must diagnose and resolve issues specific to each protocol

What Are EIGRP and OSPF?

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

Definition: EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol developed by Cisco that combines advantages of distance-vector and link-state protocols. It was introduced as an enhancement to IGRP.

Key Characteristics:

• Proprietary Cisco protocol (though some vendors now support it)
• Uses the DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) algorithm
• Classless routing protocol with VLSM support
• Administrative Distance (AD): 90 for internal routes
• Metric calculation uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load
• Multicast address: 224.0.0.10
• Uses protocol number 88

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Definition: OSPF is an open-standard, link-state routing protocol that builds a complete topological map of the network and calculates the shortest path using Dijkstra's algorithm.

Key Characteristics:

• Vendor-neutral, standardized protocol (RFC 2328)
• Link-state protocol with full topology awareness
• Classless routing protocol with VLSM support
• Administrative Distance (AD): 110 for internal routes
• Metric calculation uses cost (based on interface bandwidth)
• Multicast addresses: 224.0.0.5 (AllSPFRouters) and 224.0.0.6 (AllDRouters)
• Uses protocol number 89

How EIGRP Works

EIGRP Operation Principles

Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance:

• EIGRP routers exchange Hello packets to discover neighbors and maintain relationships
• Default Hello interval: 5 seconds (1 second on high-speed links)
• Dead interval: 3 times the Hello interval (default 15 seconds)
• Neighbors must have matching AS number, K-values, and subnet

DUAL Algorithm:

• Guarantees loop-free routing
• Calculates both the best path (feasible distance) and backup paths (feasible successors)
• Feasible Successor: A neighbor whose advertised distance is less than the local feasible distance
• Enables rapid failover without recomputation in most cases

Metric Calculation:

• Default formula: Metric = (10^7 / Bandwidth) + (Total Delay / 10)
• Bandwidth: Minimum bandwidth along the path (in kbps)
• Delay: Sum of interface delays (in tens of microseconds)
• K-values determine which metrics are used (K1-K5)
• Default: K1=1 (bandwidth), K3=1 (delay), K2=K4=K5=0

Update Process:

• Sends incremental updates (only changed routes)
• Uses reliable multicast/unicast for Update packets
• Acknowledgment (ACK) packets confirm delivery
• Reduces bandwidth consumption compared to periodic updates

EIGRP Packet Types

• Hello: Neighbor discovery and keepalive
• Update: Carries routing information
• Query: Searches for alternate routes
• Reply: Responds to Query packets
• ACK: Acknowledges reliable packets

How OSPF Works

OSPF Operation Principles

Area Concept:

• OSPF networks are divided into areas (0-4,294,967,295)
• Area 0 (backbone): All areas must connect through it
• Reduces routing table size and LSA flooding overhead
• Routers maintain complete topology only for their area

LSA (Link State Advertisement) Flooding:

• Routers exchange LSAs to build a complete topological database
• All routers in an area have identical LSDB
• LSAs are flooded throughout the area
• Default LSA refresh interval: 30 minutes
• SPF calculation is performed when topology changes

Dijkstra's Algorithm (SPF):

• Each router independently calculates the shortest path tree
• Uses cumulative cost from source to destination
• Results in guaranteed shortest paths (no loops)
• SPF calculation is CPU-intensive for large networks

Metric Calculation:

• Cost = 10^8 / Interface Bandwidth (in bits per second)
• Example: 1 Gbps interface = 10^8 / 10^9 = 0.1 (rounded to 1)
• Cumulative cost determines the metric
• All interface costs are configured independently

OSPF Router Types

• Internal Router: All interfaces in a single area
• Area Border Router (ABR): Interfaces in multiple areas; connects non-backbone areas to Area 0
• Backbone Router: Has at least one interface in Area 0
• Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR): Redistributes external routes into OSPF

OSPF Packet Types

• Hello: Neighbor discovery and keepalive
• Database Description (DBD): Summarizes LSA contents
• Link State Request (LSR): Requests specific LSAs
• Link State Update (LSU): Carries LSA information
• Link State Acknowledgment (LSAck): Confirms LSU receipt

Key Differences: EIGRP vs OSPF

When to Use EIGRP

Choose EIGRP when:

• Your network is predominantly Cisco equipment
• You require very fast convergence times (critical for VoIP, etc.)
• Bandwidth is limited (incremental updates save bandwidth)
• You need unequal cost load balancing
• You want simpler configuration compared to OSPF areas
• You have a smaller to medium-sized network (to ~2000 routes)
• You need pre-calculated backup routes (feasible successors)

Choose OSPF when:

• Your network is multi-vendor
• You have a large, complex enterprise network
• You need hierarchical network design (areas)
• Scalability is a primary concern
• You want vendor independence
• You have consistent network design standards across regions
• You need to support very large routing tables (10,000+ routes)

Exam Tips: Answering Questions on EIGRP vs OSPF

Question Analysis Strategy

1. Identify the Question Type:

• Comparison Questions: "Which protocol..." - Compare specific characteristics
• Scenario Questions: Network diagram with requirements - Determine best fit
• Troubleshooting Questions: Configuration issues - Identify protocol-specific problems
• Configuration Questions: Given commands - Predict outcomes

2. Key Decision Points to Consider:

• Vendor Environment: Multi-vendor = OSPF; Cisco-only = can use EIGRP
• Network Size: Large enterprise = OSPF; smaller networks = EIGRP possible
• Convergence Speed: If sub-second failover is critical = EIGRP
• Bandwidth Constraints: Limited WAN bandwidth = EIGRP
• Administrative Distance: EIGRP (90) preferred over OSPF (110) if both available
• Load Balancing Needs: Unequal cost required = EIGRP

Common Question Patterns

Pattern 1: "Which metric component does OSPF use?"
Answer Strategy: OSPF uses cost derived from bandwidth only. Remember the formula: Cost = 10^8 / Bandwidth. EIGRP uses multiple components (bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, MTU) with K-values.

Pattern 2: "A router runs both EIGRP and OSPF. Which route is selected?"
Answer Strategy: Compare AD values. EIGRP internal (90) beats OSPF internal (110). EIGRP external (170) ties with OSPF external (110 for NSSA). For same AD, compare metrics within the protocol. Always check the specific question context.

Pattern 3: "Which protocol converges faster?"
Answer Strategy: EIGRP convergence is sub-second because it uses DUAL and maintains feasible successors. OSPF requires SPF calculation which takes longer. However, OSPF has fast detection mechanisms. Context matters—ask "in what scenario?"

Pattern 4: "Your network has bandwidth-constrained WAN links. Which protocol?"
Answer Strategy: EIGRP sends only incremental updates, saving bandwidth. OSPF floods full LSA database periodically. In bandwidth-limited environments, EIGRP is preferred.

Pattern 5: "You need to support Juniper devices in your network. Which protocol?"
Answer Strategy: OSPF is open-standard and supported by all vendors. EIGRP is now supported by some vendors, but historically was Cisco-proprietary. Safest answer: OSPF for multi-vendor.

Pattern 6: "What happens when a link fails in EIGRP?"
Answer Strategy: If a feasible successor exists, traffic immediately fails over without recalculation (loop-safe backup). If no feasible successor, query neighbors. Compare to OSPF: must recalculate entire SPF tree.

Pattern 7: "Which protocol has no hop limit?"
Answer Strategy: OSPF has no hop limit. EIGRP limits to 255 hops (default 100 in configurations). This is testable.

Troubleshooting Question Approach

Scenario: Routes are not exchanging between routers

• EIGRP Check: Same AS number? Matching K-values? Same subnet on interfaces?
• OSPF Check: Same area ID? Matching network statements? Interface on correct area?

Scenario: Flapping routes causing convergence issues

• EIGRP: Adjust query timeout, disable Query Aggregation, tune timers
• OSPF: Increase SPF throttle timers, tune LSA timers

Scenario: Excessive bandwidth consumption

• EIGRP: Check for query storms (invalid successor state)
• OSPF: Reduce LSA refresh rate, tune area design

Configuration Recognition Tips

Recognize EIGRP Commands:

• router eigrp [AS-number]
• network [address] [wildcard]
• variance [multiplier]
• passive-interface
• K1, K3, K4, K5 values in metric calculation

Recognize OSPF Commands:

• router ospf [process-id]
• network [address] [wildcard] area [area-id]
• area [id] authentication
• router-id [ip-address]
• interface cost [value]

Red Flags and Traps

Trap 1: Confusing Administrative Distance with Metric
AD determines which protocol is used; metric determines the path within a protocol. Always consider AD first.

Trap 2: Assuming EIGRP is always faster
Convergence speed depends on topology and configuration. Don't assume without context.

Trap 3: Forgetting about OSPF areas
OSPF area design is crucial for scalability. Answer about OSPF must consider area implications.

Trap 4: Ignoring timers in scenarios
Non-default timers significantly affect failover time. Check for custom timer configurations.

Trap 5: Mixing OSPF AD values
OSPF internal (110), OSPF external (110 for NSSA, 150 for regular), EIGRP internal (90), EIGRP external (170).

Exam Day Strategy

Before answering:

1. Read the entire scenario/question carefully
2. Identify ALL constraints and requirements
3. Note the network topology and any existing protocols
4. Look for keywords: "fastest", "bandwidth-limited", "multi-vendor", "scalability"
5. Check for any administrative decisions already made

While answering:

1. Evaluate based on characteristics, not personal preference
2. Consider real-world implications of your choice
3. For "which is better" questions, answer "it depends" if context is ambiguous, then explain factors
4. Use process of elimination for multiple choice
5. For calculations, show work (especially metric calculations)

Double-check:

1. Does your answer align with the scenario requirements?
2. Have you considered all constraints mentioned?
3. Is your answer technically accurate?
4. Have you addressed potential counter-arguments?

Critical Facts to Memorize

EIGRP:

• AD: 90 internal, 170 external
• Algorithm: DUAL
• Metric: (10^7 / BW) + (Total Delay / 10)
• Hello: 5s, Dead: 15s
• Convergence: Sub-second with feasible successors
• Max hop: 255 (default 100)
• Multicast: 224.0.0.10
• Protocol: 88

OSPF:

• AD: 110 internal, 150 external (regular), 110 external (NSSA)
• Algorithm: Dijkstra's SPF
• Metric: Cost = 10^8 / BW
• Hello: 10s, Dead: 40s
• Convergence: Seconds (SPF calculation required)
• Max hop: Unlimited
• Multicast: 224.0.0.5, 224.0.0.6
• Protocol: 89
• Areas: Hierarchical design, Area 0 is backbone

Practice Scenario Questions

Scenario 1: A company has three data centers connected with 10 Mbps WAN links. They use both Cisco and Juniper routers. They need sub-second convergence for critical applications. Which protocol would you recommend and why?

Answer Guide: OSPF is the only option for multi-vendor support. However, if they could use EIGRP (Cisco-only), it would provide better convergence. This tests understanding of OSPF's vendor independence as a critical requirement that overrides convergence preferences.

Scenario 2: Your organization wants to implement unequal cost load balancing across three paths with different bandwidths. Which protocol supports this natively?

Answer Guide: EIGRP via the variance command. OSPF does not support unequal cost load balancing. This is a specific feature question.

Scenario 3: You have a network with one OSPF router that inadvertently receives EIGRP routes. It also has a static route to the same destination. The EIGRP route has a metric of 10, the OSPF route has a metric of 50, and the static route has a metric of 80. Which route is installed?

Answer Guide: The static route (AD 1) is preferred over both dynamic protocols. Static routes have the lowest AD by default. This tests AD understanding across protocols.

Conclusion

Mastering EIGRP vs OSPF requires understanding both the technical details and the business decision-making process. The CCNP ENCOR exam tests not just what each protocol does, but when and why you would choose one over the other. Focus on the differences in convergence mechanisms, scalability approaches, and metric calculations. Practice scenario-based questions to build intuition for real-world decision-making. Remember that there is rarely a universally "best" protocol—the right choice depends on specific network requirements.