Seven Basic Quality Tools

Correct Answer: Pareto Chart

The Pareto Chart is the most appropriate tool for identifying the vital few factors causing the majority of issues in a project. This tool is based on the Pareto Principle, also known as the 80/20 rule, which states that roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes.

A Pareto Chart helps visualize and prioritize the most significant problems or causes of defects. It combines a bar graph and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line.

This tool is particularly useful for:
1. Identifying the most frequent defects, complaints, or causes
2. Focusing efforts on the most impactful issues
3. Communicating the relative importance of problems to stakeholders

The other options, while useful in different scenarios, are not as effective for identifying the vital few factors:

Histogram: Shows the frequency distribution of data but doesn't specifically highlight the most significant factors.

Scatter diagram: Useful for showing relationships between variables but doesn't prioritize issues.

Run chart: Tracks data over time but doesn't inherently identify the most critical factors causing issues.

The Pareto Chart stands out as the best tool for this specific task of identifying the vital few factors causing the majority of issues in a project.

Correct Answer: Flowchart

The best tool to use in this case would be a Flowchart. A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process, showing the sequence of steps, dependencies and decision points. It provides a visual map of how different teams interact, how work flows between them, and how information is shared. This can help identify bottlenecks, inefficient practices, and opportunities for improvement. The other tools mentioned do not serve the same purpose. A Histogram is used to analyze the frequency of variable data, not information flow. A Pareto Chart is for prioritizing problems based on their cumulative impact, which isn't related to understanding work and information flows. A Cause and Effect Diagram, also known as Ishikawa or Fishbone Diagram, helps uncover potential causes for a problem or effect, not to map information flow.

Correct Answer: Fishbone Diagram

The best tool a Project Manager for a construction company could use to identify why there has been an increase in accidents at the worksite is the Fishbone Diagram. This is because the Fishbone Diagram, also known as an Ishikawa or Cause and Effect Diagram, can help identify and visualize the possible causes of a problem, which in this case is the increase in accidents. It does this by categorizing potential causes into broad categories such as Materials, Methods, People, and Environment. Once these categories are filled out, the project manager can work to address the root causes of the problem. The other options, Stratification, Run Chart, and Histogram are statistical tools mainly used for data analysis and do not directly help to identify specific causal factors of a problem.