Phase B: Business Architecture is the second phase of the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) and focuses on developing the target business architecture for the organization. This phase builds upon the Architecture Vision established in Phase A and defines the business processes, organizational structures, business services, and information flows required to support the enterprise's strategic objectives.

Key objectives of Phase B include:

1. Defining Business Goals and Objectives: Articulating what the business aims to achieve, aligned with the enterprise strategy and Architecture Vision developed in Phase A.

2. Business Process Modeling: Creating detailed models of current and target business processes, including workflows, dependencies, and interactions between different business functions.

3. Organizational Structure Definition: Documenting the organizational hierarchy, roles, responsibilities, and how different business units interact and contribute to overall business operations.

4. Business Services Identification: Identifying and defining the core business services that support the organization's value proposition and strategic objectives.

5. Requirements Development: Gathering and documenting business requirements that will inform subsequent architecture phases (Information Systems and Technology Architecture).

6. Stakeholder Analysis: Understanding stakeholder needs, expectations, and constraints that must be considered in the architecture.

7. Gap Analysis: Identifying differences between the current business architecture and the desired target state, highlighting areas requiring change and improvement.

Phase B produces key deliverables including the Business Architecture document, Business Requirements document, and Business Process models. These outputs serve as the foundation for Phase C (Information Systems Architecture) and Phase D (Technology Architecture), ensuring that information systems and technology investments directly support business objectives. The phase emphasizes alignment between business strategy and architectural planning, facilitating more effective organizational transformation.

Developing Baseline and Target Business Architecture is a critical component of Phase B (Business Architecture) in TOGAF's Architecture Development Method (ADM). This phase establishes the foundation for all subsequent architecture work.

Baseline Business Architecture represents the current state of the organization. It documents existing business processes, organizational structures, functions, and services. Creating a baseline involves analyzing how the business currently operates, identifying key stakeholders, mapping business processes, and understanding dependencies. This snapshot provides a reference point for measuring change and identifies what already exists that can be leveraged.

Target Business Architecture defines the desired future state that aligns with business strategy and objectives. It describes improved processes, reorganized structures, and new capabilities the organization aims to achieve. The target architecture addresses identified gaps and inefficiencies in the baseline, incorporating business goals and strategic initiatives.

The process follows these key steps: First, establish the scope and objectives for business architecture work. Second, develop the baseline by documenting current processes, functions, and organizational structures using various viewpoints. Third, analyze the baseline to identify gaps and improvement opportunities. Fourth, design the target architecture incorporating business strategy, objectives, and best practices. Finally, identify transition strategies and roadmaps to move from baseline to target.

This baseline-to-target approach is essential because it provides clear direction for technical architecture decisions in Phases C and D. Phase C (Information Systems Architecture) and Phase D (Technology Architecture) build upon the business requirements defined here.

The business architecture acts as a bridge between business strategy and technical implementation, ensuring that architectural decisions directly support organizational objectives. By clearly defining both current and desired states, organizations can prioritize changes, allocate resources effectively, and measure the success of architectural transformations. This disciplined approach minimizes risks and ensures alignment between business and technology strategies.

Business Architecture Techniques in TOGAF 10 Foundation, particularly within ADM Phases B, C, and D, represent systematic approaches to modeling and analyzing an organization's business processes, structure, and operations. These techniques are essential for creating comprehensive business architectures that align with enterprise strategic objectives.

In Phase B (Business Architecture), key techniques include Value Chain Analysis, which maps how organizations create value through interconnected activities. Business Process Modeling notation (BPMN) visualizes end-to-end processes, while Organization Mapping establishes hierarchical structures and roles. Capability Modeling identifies what the organization can do, essential for strategic planning and gap analysis.

Goal and Objective Modeling defines what the business aims to achieve, establishing measurable targets and performance indicators. Swimlane diagrams clarify process ownership across departments, while Business Entity Relationship diagrams show how business concepts relate to each other.

Phase C (Information Systems Architecture) builds upon Phase B foundations by applying techniques like Data Flow Diagrams and Entity Relationship Diagrams to detail information requirements. These connect business processes to supporting information systems and data structures.

Phase D (Technology Architecture) utilizes techniques identifying technology enablers for business capabilities, mapping applications to business functions and processes established earlier.

These techniques serve multiple purposes: they facilitate stakeholder communication through visual representations, enable comprehensive gap analysis between current and target states, support traceability from business goals to technical solutions, and provide documentation for governance and compliance.

Effective application requires appropriate tool selection, stakeholder engagement, iterative refinement, and clear documentation standards. The techniques work collectively to ensure that technology investments directly support business objectives, enabling organizations to make informed architectural decisions and maintain alignment between business strategy and technical implementation throughout the transformation journey.

Phase C: Information Systems Architectures is a critical phase in TOGAF's Architecture Development Method (ADM) that focuses on defining the target information systems architecture. This phase builds upon the Business Architecture (Phase B) and develops two parallel streams: Data Architecture and Application Architecture. The Data Architecture identifies the structure of an organization's data assets and storage, defining data entities, data flows, and data management requirements. The Application Architecture specifies the applications needed to process the data and support business functions, identifying application components and their interactions. Phase C involves creating detailed architecture models and views that show how information systems will support the business processes defined in Phase B. Key activities include analyzing current state applications and data systems, designing target state solutions, and identifying gaps between current and desired states. Architects develop various artifacts such as data flow diagrams, application portfolio catalogs, and technology matrices. This phase requires collaboration with business stakeholders, data managers, and application specialists to ensure alignment with business objectives. The output includes recommendations for new applications, data warehouse strategies, system integration approaches, and technology selections. Phase C establishes the foundation for Phase D (Technology Architecture), ensuring that information systems decisions are coordinated and support overall business strategy. Importantly, Phase C uses the Business Architecture outputs as input, ensuring consistency across architecture domains. The phase concludes with governance decisions about which applications and data solutions will be implemented, prioritization of initiatives, and identification of dependencies between information systems and other architecture domains. This structured approach ensures that information systems investments directly support business goals and operational effectiveness.

Data Architecture, primarily addressed in TOGAF ADM Phase B (Business Architecture) and Phase C (Information Systems Architecture), is a critical component of enterprise architecture that defines the structure, management, and flow of data across an organization. In Phase B, data requirements are identified based on business processes and goals. Phase C focuses on designing the information systems that will manage this data, including databases, data warehouses, and data management systems. Data Architecture encompasses several key elements: data entities and their relationships, data storage mechanisms, data quality standards, metadata management, data security and governance policies, and data integration patterns across systems. It ensures that data is organized in a way that supports business objectives while maintaining consistency, accuracy, and accessibility. The architecture addresses both logical data models, which represent business concepts and relationships, and physical data models, which define how data is actually stored and accessed in systems. Effective Data Architecture enables organizations to leverage data as a strategic asset by ensuring proper data governance, reducing data silos, improving data quality, and facilitating better decision-making. It also addresses data lifecycle management, including data collection, storage, processing, archival, and disposal. Within the ADM, Data Architecture bridges business requirements with technology solutions, ensuring that information systems align with organizational goals. It must consider compliance requirements, performance optimization, scalability, and interoperability with existing systems. By establishing clear data principles, standards, and ownership models, Data Architecture supports enterprise integration, reduces redundancy, and improves operational efficiency. This foundational discipline ensures that organizations can effectively manage their most valuable digital asset—data—while supporting current operations and enabling future innovation and transformation.

Application Architecture, primarily addressed in TOGAF 10 ADM Phase C, represents a critical layer within the enterprise architecture framework that bridges Business Architecture with Technology Architecture. It defines the structure and interaction of applications within an organization, focusing on how software systems support business functions and processes.

In Phase B (Business Architecture), application requirements are identified based on business capabilities and processes. Phase C (Information Systems Architecture) then elaborates on Application Architecture, which involves designing the applications, their relationships, dependencies, and how they integrate to deliver business value. This phase determines what applications are needed, their functionality, and how they communicate with each other and with data sources.

Application Architecture encompasses several key aspects: application portfolio management, identifying current and target applications, analyzing application gaps, and defining application migration strategies. It specifies application interfaces, data flows between applications, and technology choices that support these applications.

Phase D (Technology Architecture) extends Application Architecture by defining the technical infrastructure, platforms, and services required to support applications. This includes middleware, integration technologies, and deployment environments.

Key considerations in Application Architecture include:
- Identifying business applications and their roles
- Defining application dependencies and interfaces
- Assessing application rationalization opportunities
- Planning application migration and consolidation
- Ensuring alignment with business strategy

Application Architecture serves as a crucial link between business requirements and technical implementation, enabling organizations to optimize their application portfolio, reduce complexity, improve integration, and enhance agility. It provides a roadmap for application evolution and helps identify redundancies, gaps, and opportunities for modernization. Effective Application Architecture ensures that technology investments directly support business objectives while maintaining flexibility for future changes and innovations.

Phase D: Technology Architecture in TOGAF 10 focuses on developing the technology infrastructure needed to support the business and information systems architectures defined in Phases B and C. This phase translates business requirements and application needs into a concrete technology platform strategy.

Phase D begins by refining the technology architecture objectives that were identified in earlier phases. Key objectives include identifying the technology components, infrastructure platforms, and technical standards required to support the target architecture. This involves selecting appropriate technologies for servers, databases, networks, security systems, and middleware that align with organizational goals.

The phase encompasses several critical activities. First, architects develop baseline and target technology architecture definitions, documenting current and desired technology states. Second, they identify technology standards and specifications that will guide procurement and implementation decisions. Third, they assess technology options against business requirements, evaluating factors like cost, performance, scalability, and vendor viability.

Technology Architecture in Phase D also addresses technology platforms required to support applications identified in Phase C. This includes infrastructure components such as computing platforms, storage systems, networks, and telecommunications. Architects must ensure these technologies support application requirements while maintaining consistency across the enterprise.

Another crucial objective is establishing technology governance and ensuring alignment with enterprise standards. Phase D defines technology reference models showing relationships between technology components and their mappings to business and application architectures.

The phase produces key artifacts including technology architecture diagrams, technology matrix showing technology to application mapping, and implementation roadmaps. These deliverables guide IT teams in deploying and managing technology infrastructure.

Phase D also identifies gaps between baseline and target technology architectures, highlighting areas requiring investment or migration. This gap analysis supports planning for the subsequent Implementation Governance and Change Management phases, ensuring technology decisions align with business strategy and organizational capabilities for successful architecture realization.

Developing Baseline and Target Technology Architecture is a critical activity within TOGAF 10 ADM phases, particularly in Phase D (Technology Architecture). This process involves two parallel streams: establishing the current state (baseline) and defining the desired future state (target architecture).

The Baseline Technology Architecture represents the current technology landscape of the organization. It documents existing systems, infrastructure, platforms, software applications, and technical standards. This includes hardware, databases, middleware, networks, and operational systems. Creating a baseline involves cataloging all technology assets, their dependencies, performance metrics, and integration points. This forms the foundation for understanding what needs to change and identifying gaps between current capabilities and business requirements.

The Target Technology Architecture defines the desired future technology environment that supports the organization's vision and strategic goals. It specifies which technologies should be adopted, how they integrate, and the architecture standards to be followed. The target architecture considers business objectives from previous ADM phases, industry best practices, technology trends, and organizational constraints like budget and skills.

Developing both architectures involves several key activities: conducting technology audits, analyzing business requirements from Phases B and C, evaluating technology options, and ensuring alignment with the overall enterprise architecture. Gap analysis between baseline and target identifies necessary changes, migrations, and investments.

Both architectures must be documented using appropriate models and viewpoints relevant to stakeholders. The baseline provides the starting point for transition planning, while the target provides the destination. Together, they enable realistic roadmaps and implementation strategies in later ADM phases.

This systematic approach ensures technology decisions support business objectives, reduces technical debt, minimizes disruption during transformation, and provides clear direction for technology investments. The relationship between baseline and target architectures enables effective change management and helps prioritize implementation initiatives based on business value and technical feasibility.

Gap Analysis is a critical technique used throughout TOGAF's Architecture Development Method (ADM) phases B, C, and D to identify differences between the current state (baseline architecture) and the desired future state (target architecture).

In Phase B (Business Architecture), Gap Analysis examines the business functions, processes, and organizational structures. It compares the baseline business architecture against the target business architecture to identify missing capabilities, obsolete processes, and required organizational changes. This analysis helps stakeholders understand what business improvements are needed to achieve strategic objectives.

In Phase C (Information Systems Architecture), Gap Analysis focuses on both Data Architecture and Application Architecture. For Data Architecture, it identifies gaps in data entities, data flows, and information management capabilities between current and target states. For Application Architecture, it analyzes application portfolio gaps, identifying redundant applications, missing applications, and required new systems. This phase reveals which applications need to be built, modified, or retired.

In Phase D (Technology Architecture), Gap Analysis evaluates the infrastructure and technology components. It compares current technology platforms, infrastructure services, and technical standards against those required by the target architecture. This identifies technology investments needed, legacy systems requiring replacement, and infrastructure modernization requirements.

Across all three phases, Gap Analysis produces a comprehensive gap assessment that lists all discrepancies categorized by priority and impact. These gaps form the basis for the Architecture Roadmap and Implementation and Migration Plan. Gap Analysis ensures that architectures are complete, realistic, and achievable by explicitly documenting what changes are required at each level—business, information systems, and technology. This structured approach enables organizations to plan systematic improvements and manage transformation initiatives effectively.

The Common Phase Pattern in TOGAF 10 ADM provides a standardized structure for architecture development phases B, C, and D. This pattern ensures consistency and repeatability across the architecture development process.

INPUTS: Each phase begins with inputs derived from previous phases, the Architecture Vision, and baseline architecture documentation. These inputs include business requirements, organizational constraints, existing architecture models, and stakeholder feedback. They serve as the foundation for phase activities and guide the architect's work throughout the phase.

STEPS: The steps within each phase represent the core activities and tasks performed by architects. These sequential and iterative activities involve analyzing requirements, developing architecture models, evaluating alternatives, and making design decisions. Steps typically include reviewing inputs, identifying stakeholders, defining scope, developing architecture content, and ensuring compliance with enterprise standards and principles.

OUTPUTS: Each phase produces documented deliverables that feed into subsequent phases. These outputs include architecture models, baseline and target architecture descriptions, gap analysis reports, migration plans, and recommendations. Outputs are formally reviewed and approved by stakeholders, ensuring alignment with organizational objectives.

The Common Phase Pattern emphasizes that each phase (B, C, D) follows a similar logical flow: starting with defined inputs, executing structured activities, and producing measurable outputs. This pattern promotes consistency across the Business, Information Systems, and Technology Architecture phases. It enables architects to apply proven methodologies systematically, improve communication with stakeholders through standardized deliverables, and facilitate knowledge transfer within architecture teams.

The pattern also incorporates feedback loops and governance gates, ensuring quality control and stakeholder approval at critical junctures. This structured approach reduces rework, improves traceability, and ensures that architecture decisions are well-documented and justified. By following the Common Phase Pattern, organizations achieve more predictable, repeatable, and successful architecture development outcomes aligned with strategic business objectives.