Project Quality Management

Correct Answer: Control chart

Control chart would be the best tool in this scenario because it's designed to monitor quality control and identify defects over time. It can help determine the frequency of defects in the equipment used in a large scale infrastructure project. Affinity diagram, while useful for organizing information, is not typically used for monitoring the frequency of defects and thus can be ruled out as the best tool in this situation. Network diagram is used to visualize tasks and activity sequence in project management but it isn't used to identify defects frequency, hence not the right tool for this situation. Stakeholder analysis is a process where you identify people, groups, or institutions that might have a stake in your project, but it doesn't help in identifying the frequency of defects in a project's equipment.

Correct Answer: Rework

In the context of a project falling behind schedule due to quality issues, 'Rework' would most likely be a major component of the Cost of Quality (COQ). This is because rework refers to the extra effort and resources that are needed to correct defects in the product or service to meet the quality standards set. The other options, 'Marketing costs', 'Operational costs' and 'Procurement costs' may be part of the overall project cost, but they are not directly related to improving the quality of the project and thus would not fall directly under COQ, making them less likely to be the main components in this situation.

Correct Answer: Histogram

While all these tools are used in project management, only a Histogram is the best tool to visualize results and their standard deviations. Histograms display data in a graphical format that can be easily interpreted, making it easier to understand the variability in data sets. A Gantt Chart is primarily a scheduling tool used to plan and coordinate tasks within a project, not for statistical analysis. A Scatter Plot, although used for identifying correlations between two variables, doesn't present the standard deviations. A PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) chart is a project management tool used for scheduling, organizing, and coordinating tasks within a project, not to visualize statistical variance.